Which of the following is NOT an element of a valid arrest?

A valid arrest is comprised of several essential elements that must be present to ensure that the arrest is lawful and adheres to legal standards. One of these critical elements is authority, which refers to the legal power of law enforcement officers to make an arrest based on applicable laws and regulations. This authority is typically derived from state laws or local ordinances that govern police powers.

Another key component is custody, which involves physically taking the individual into the control of law enforcement. This means restricting the individual's ability to move freely as part of the arrest process.

Force may be necessary in certain situations to effect the arrest, particularly if the individual resists apprehension or poses a threat to officers or others. However, the use of force must be proportionate and justified under the circumstances.

In contrast, evidence is not a required element for making an arrest. While an officer may have probable cause to arrest based on reasonable suspicions or actions observed, they are not required to have substantial evidence that would be necessary for a conviction. An arrest can be made based on the belief that a crime has been committed, not solely on the presence of evidence related to that crime at the time of the arrest.

Therefore, the understanding of valid arrests focuses on authority, custody, and,